Subarachnoid Hemorrhage

Disease Overview

A stroke occurs when the blood supply to part of your brain is interrupted or reduced, preventing brain tissue from getting oxygen and nutrients. There are two main causes of stroke: a blocked artery (ischemic stroke) or leaking or bursting of a blood vessel (intracerebral hemorrhage and subarachnoid hemorrhage (combination is referred to as hemorrhagic stroke)). Some people may have only a temporary disruption of blood flow to the brain. This is known as a transient ischemic attack (TIA); symptoms of a TIA last less than 24 hours. While there are no long term-effects of TIAs, they have been shown to increase the risk of subsequent strokes.

Subarachnoid hemorrhage is the occurrence of bleeding into the space between the surface of the brain, or pia mater, and the arachnoid, one of three coverings of the brain. [Mayo-Clinic-SAH] [UCLA-Health]

GBD 2019 Modeling Strategy

GBD 2019 Non-Fatal Modeling Strategy

Stroke was defined according to WHO criteria - rapidly developing clinical signs of focal (at times global) disturbance of cerebral function lasting more than 24 hours or leading to death with no apparent cause other than that of vascular origin. Data on transient ischemic attack (TIA) were not included. [WHO-Stroke-Definition-SAH]. Subarachnoid hemorrhage is defined by GBD as bleeding into the subarachnoid space (the space between the arachnoid membrane and the pia mater of the brain or spinal cord) that is not caused by trauma. We model first ever strokes as acute events; recurrent strokes are captured in the chronic phase of the modeling process.

For subarachnoid hemorrhage, data using alternate definitions of incidence and excess mortality were adjusted relative to the reference case definition using MR-BRT. The reference case definition for subarachnoid hemorrhage is first ever, subtype-specific data which also includes subjects who did not survive to hospital admission. We incorporate data from scientific literature, registries, and administrative inpatient records in our analysis.

Severity split inputs:

See below for the details on the severity levels for acute and chronic subarachnoid hemorrhage in GBD and the associated disability weight (DW) with that severity. These values are valid only for results from GBD 2019 and GBD 2017.

Severity distribution for subarachnoid hemorrhage

Severity level	Acute or Chronic	Lay description	Modified Rankin score	Cognitive status	DW (95% CI)
Stroke, asymptomatic	Chronic only		0	N/A	0
Stroke, mild	Both	Has some difficulty in moving around and some weakness in one hand, but is able to walk without help	1	N/A	0.019 (0.01–0.032)
Stroke, moderate	Both	Has some difficulty in moving around, and in using the hands for lifting and holding things, dressing, and grooming.	2, 3	MoCA>=24 or MMSE>=26	0.07 (0.046–0.099)
Stroke, moderate plus cognition problems	Both	Has some difficulty in moving around, in using the hands for lifting and holding things, dressing and grooming, and in speaking. The person is often forgetful and confused.	2, 3	MoCA<24 or MMSE<26	0.316 (0.206–0.437)
Stroke, severe	Both	Is confined to bed or a wheelchair, has difficulty speaking, and depends on others for feeding, toileting, and dressing.	4, 5	MoCA>=24 or MMSE>=26	0.552 (0.377–0.707)
Stroke, severe plus cognition problems	Both	Is confined to bed or a wheelchair, depends on others for feeding, toileting, and dressing, and has difficulty speaking, thinking clearly, and remembering things.		MoCA<24 or MMSE<26	0.588 (0.411–0.744)

[GBD-2019-Capstone-Appendix-SAH]

GBD 2019 Fatal Modeling Strategy

Vital registration data were used as input data to model deaths from subarachnoid hemorrhage in CODEm. [GBD-2019-Capstone-Appendix-SAH]

Cause Hierarchy

Restrictions

The following table describes any restrictions in GBD 2019 on the effects of this cause (such as being only fatal or only nonfatal), as well as restrictions on the ages and sexes to which the cause applies.

GBD 2019 Cause Restrictions

Restriction Type	Value	Notes
Male only	False
Female only	False
YLL only	False
YLD only	False
YLL age group start	0	[0, 7 days), age_group_id=2
YLL age group end	125	[95, 125 years), age_group_id=235
YLD age group start	0	[0, 7 days), age_group_id=2
YLD age group end	125	[95, 125 years), age_group_id=235

Vivarium Modeling Strategy

Scope

This cause model is designed to simulate the occurrence of first and recurrent acute subarachnoid hemorrhage. It is not designed to simulate recurrent events where the second event is a different type of stroke. When incorporating risk factors, BMI, SBP, LDL cholesterol, smoking, FPG, physical inactivity, and total alcohol consumption should affect transition rates 1 and 3 through the GBD measure of incidence for each stroke cause.

Assumptions and Limitations

Stroke cases are considered acute from the day of incidence of a first-ever stroke through day 28 following the event. The GBD category of chronic stroke includes the sequelae of an acute stroke AND all recurrent stroke events. Stroke cases are considered chronic beginning 28 days following the occurrence of an event. The incidence rate of first ever strokes and recurrent strokes are considered to be the same.

Cause Model Diagram

State and Transition Data Tables

Definitions

State Definitions

State	State Name	Definition
S	Susceptible to Subarachnoid Hemorrhage	Simulant that has not already had an subarachnoid hemorrhage
A	Acute Subarachnoid Hemorrhage	Simulant that is in duration-based period starting day of incidence of a first-ever stroke through day 28 following the event
C	Chronic Subarachnoid Hemorrhage	Simulant that has survived more than 28 days following their last subarachnoid hemorrhage and who may be experiencing chronic elevated mortality and disability due to the event.

States Data

State Data

State	Measure	Value	Notes
All	cause-specific mortality rate (csmr)	\(\frac{\text{deaths_c497}}{\text{population}}\)
\(\text{D}_A\)	acute cause-specific mortality rate (csmr)	\(\frac{\text{acute_deaths_c497}}{\text{population}}\)	custom CSMR split
\(\text{D}_C\)	chronic cause-specific mortality rate (csmr)	\(\frac{\text{chronic_deaths_c497}}{\text{population}}\)	custom CSMR split
S	prevalence	\(1-\text{prevalence_c497}\)
A	prevalence	\(\sum\limits_{s \in sequelae} \text{acute_prevalence}_s\)
C	prevalence	\(\sum\limits_{s \in sequelae} \text{chronic_prevalence}_s\)
S	excess mortality rate (emr)	0
A	excess mortality rate (emr)	emr_m24710
C	excess mortality rate (emr)	emr_m18733
S	disability weight	0
A	disability weight	\(\frac{1}{\text{acute_prevalence_c497}} \times \sum\limits_{s \in sequelae} \text{disability_weight}_s \times \text{acute_prevalence}_s\)
C	disability weight	\(\frac{1}{\text{chronic_prevalence_c497}} \times \sum\limits_{s \in sequelae} \text{disability_weight}_s \times \text{chronic_prevalence}_s\)

Transition Data

Transition Data

Transition	Source	Sink	Value	Notes
1	S	A	incidence_c497	This is the population rate, not the susceptible rate
2	A	P	28 days	Duration-based transition from acute state into chronic state
3	C	A	incidence_c497	Assumption is that recurrent events have the same incidence rate as first ever events; population rate
4	A	\(\text{D}_A\)	emr_m24710	Excess mortality rate for acute subarachnoid hemorrhage w/ CSMR
5	C	\(\text{D}_C\)	emr_m18733	Excess mortality rate for chronic subarachnoid hemorrhage w/ CSMR

Data Sources

Data Sources

Measure	Sources	Description	Notes
prevalence_c497	como	Prevalence of subarachnoid hemorrhage	This is the prevalence of acute + chronic sequelae
deaths_c497	codcorrect	Deaths from subarachnoid hemorrhage	This is all deaths, regardless of whether the people are in the acute or chronic state
acute_csmr_c497	custom csv saved here: ‘/share/scratch/projects/cvd_gbd/cvd_re/simulation_science/stroke_CSMR_data/’ as ‘GBD2019_acute_subarachnoid_csmr_2021-05-20.csv’	Deaths from subarachnoid hemorrhage during the acute period	Custom CSMR calculation
chronic_csmr_c497	custom csv saved here: ‘/share/scratch/projects/cvd_gbd/cvd_re/simulation_science/stroke_CSMR_data/’ as ‘GBD2019_chronic_subarachnoid_csmr_2021-05-20.csv’	Deaths from subarachnoid hemorrhage during the chronic period	Custom CSMR calculation
incidence_c497	como	Incidence of subarachnoid hemorrhage	This is the population incidence rate for first ever acute stroke
Population	demography	Mid-year population for given age/sex/year/location
sequelae_c497	gbd_mapping	List of 11 sequelae for subarachnoid hemorrhage
prevalence_s{sid}	como	Prevalence of sequela with id sid
disability_weight_s{sid}	YLD appendix	Disability weight of sequela with id sid
emr_m18733	dismod-mr 2.1	excess mortality rate of chronic subarachnoid hemorrhage with CSMR
emr_m24710	dismod-mr 2.1	excess mortality rate of first ever acute subarachnoid hemorrhage with CSMR
acute_sequelae	sequelae definition	{s5168, s5171, s5174, s5177, s5180}	GBD 2019 and earlier only
chronic_sequelae	sequelae definition	{s5186, s5189, s5192, s5195, s5198, s5183}	GBD 2019 and earlier only

Validation Criteria

Compare CSMR experienced by simulants to CSMR from CoDCorrect in GBD

References

Mayo-Clinic-SAH

Stroke. Mayo Clinic, Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research, 9 Feb 2021. Retrieved 25 March 2021. https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/stroke/symptoms-causes/syc-20350113

UCLA-Health

Subarachnoid Hemorrhage. Subarachnoid Hemorrhage - UCLA Neuorsurgery, Los Angeles, CA, UCLA Health. Retrieved 25 March 2021. https://www.uclahealth.org/neurosurgery/subarachnoid-hemorrhage

WHO-Stroke-Definition-SAH

Hatano S. Experience from a multicentre stroke register: a preliminary report. Bull WHO 54, 541- 553. 1976.

GBD-2019-Capstone-Appendix-SAH(1,2)

Appendix to: GBD 2019 Diseases and Injuries Collaborators. Global burden of 369 diseases and injuries in 204 countries and territories, 1990–2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. The Lancet. 17 Oct 2020;396:1204-1222